Ways to Prevent Air Pollution Essay Example

Ways to Prevent Air Pollution Paper How Trees Prevent Air Pollution Many cities are notorious for their dangerously high levels of air pollution and the resulting health issues, such as asthma and emphysema. Summer heat and vehicle emissions are just a few of the contributing factors that increase air pollution levels. However, healthy trees planted effectively along roads, buildings and in parking lots can decrease overall air pollution levels for city residents. Trees can remove both gaseous air pollutants and particulate matter. Gaseous air pollution enters a tree through leaf stomata and is either held in intracellular cavities or processed into usable nutrients. According to David Knacks report, The Effects of Urban Trees on Air Quality for the USDA Forest Service, particulate matter usually collects on the surface of trees. The particulates often enter the ground by either being washed off the tree by precipitation or falling to the ground with leaves and twigs. Larger trees tend to be much more effective, by approximately 70%, at removing air pollutants than smaller trees. Over the course of one year, trees removed an estimated 1,821 metric tons of air pollution in New York City. Trees reduce rounding air temperature and create their own micrometers through transpiration and the effects of tree canopies. Tree canopies not only provide shade but they also reduce solar radiation absorption and provide heat storage. The larger the tree canopy, the greater the reduction of surrounding air temperature. Decreasing air temperature is effective in reducing air pollution because many of the chemicals that create pollution are temperature dependent. Shade from trees planted In parking lots can create small reductions, 1 to 2%, of the levels of harmful emissions produced from AR ignitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trees can keep buildings cooler in the summer and more insulated in winter. By blocking solar radiation and creating a cooler micrometers, trees offer buildings protection from summer heat. During winter, trees can provide effective wind breaks and block drafts from entering structures. This lowers the amount of energy used to heat or cool the building and reduces the air pollution created in the production of energy. For trees to be the most effective in improving air quality they need to be placed in appropriate locations. According to Francisco Scooped in his article, Urban Forests in Florida: Do they reduce air pollution? on the University of Florida BIAS Extension website, scattered trees are less effective in reducing air pollution. Stands of trees or dense evergreens provide more effective removal of particulate matter and protection from solar radiation than scattered deciduous trees. Trees surrounding buildings should be placed in areas that provide protection from solar radiation in summer and block winter wind. The types of trees used are as important as their placement. Healthy, hardy and long lived trees are the best choice. Avoiding trees that quire frequent maintenance will lower the amount of pollution emitted by fossil-fueled machines like chainsaws, leaf blowers and wood chippers. Knacks studies revealed that mulberry, cherry, linden and honeysuckle trees were especially effective in reducing ozone levels. Trees help to settle out, trap and hold particle pollutants (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs. Trees absorb CA and other dangerous gases and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Trees produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day. Trees absorb enough CA on each acre, ever a years time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles. Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall. Air pollutants injure trees by damaging their foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases. The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban heat-island effect from loss of hade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well. Some of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are: Carbon dioxide: Burning oil, coal, natural gas for energy. Decay and burning of tropical forests. Sulfur dioxide: Burning coal to generate electricity. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride: Aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing. Ozone: Chemical reactions of sunlight on automobile exhaust gases. Ozone is a major pollutant in smog. Methane: Burning fossil fuels, livestock waste, landfills and rice production. Nitrous oxides: Burning fossil fuels and automobile exhausts. Chlorofluorocarbons: Air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial foam. The burning of fossil fuels for energy and large scale forest fires such as in the tropics are major contributors to the buildup of CA in the atmosphere. Managing and protecting forests and planting new trees reduces CA levels by storing carbon in their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Trees help to settle out, trap and hold particle Laotians (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs. Trees absorb CA and other dangerous gases and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Trees produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day. Trees absorb enough CA on each acre, over a years time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles. Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall. Air pollutants injure trees by damaging heir foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases. The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban heat-island effect from loss of shade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well. Some Of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are: Carbon dioxide: Burning Oil, coal, natural gas for energy. Decay and burning of tropical forests. Sulfur dioxide: Burning coal to generate electricity. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride: Aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing. Ozone: Chemical reactions of sunlight on automobile exhaust gases. Ozone is a major pollutant in smog. Methane: Burning fossil fuels, livestock waste, landfills and rice production. Nitrous oxides: Burning fossil fuels and automobile exhausts. Chlorofluorocarbons: Air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial foam. The burning of fossil fuels for energy and large scale forest fires such as in the ropier are major contributors to the buildup of CA in the atmosphere. Managing and protecting forests and planting new trees reduces CA levels by storing carbon in their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Trees and other vegetation must use what is in their environment. So it is not surprising to find that they absorb pollutants (natural or man made) which may be absorbed successfully or may cause the vegetation to die. Vegetation plays an unexpectedly large role in cleansing the atmosphere, a new study finds. The research, led by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Cool. , uses observations, gene expression studies, and Computer modeling to show that deciduous plants absorb about a third more of a common class of air-polluting chemicals than previously thought. The ways that trees can help to clean the air should not be overlooked. Trees are an important, cost-effective solution to reducing pollution and improving air quality. Trees help to lower air temperatures and the urban heat island affect. This reduction of temperature not only lowers energy use, it also improves air quality, as the formation of zone is dependent on temperature. Trees also reduce pollution by actively removing it from the atmosphere. Leaf stomata, the pores on the leaf surface, take in polluting gases which are then absorbed by water inside the leaf. Some species of trees are more susceptible to the uptake of pollution, which could negatively affect plant growth. Ideally, trees should be selected that take in higher quantities of polluting gases and are resistant to the negative affects they can causes study across the Chicago region determined that trees removed approximately 17 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 93 tons of lawful dioxide (ASS), 98 tons of nitrogen dioxide (NON), and 210 tons of ozone in 1 991. The new study, results of which are being published this week in Science Express, was conducted with co-authors from the University of Northern Colorado and the University of Arizona. Plants clean our air to a greater extent than we had realized, says NCAR scientist Thomas Karl, the lead author. They actively consume certain types of air pollution. The research team focused on a class of chemicals known as oxygenated volatile organic compounds (Voss), which can have long-term impacts on the environment and human health. The team has made significant progress in understanding the complex interactions between plants and the atmosphere, says Anne-Marie Schmeltzer of Ann.s Division of Atmospheric and Space Sciences. The compounds form in abundance in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and other chemicals that are emitted from both natural sourcesincluding plants?and sources related to human activities, including vehicles and construction materials. Eventually, some Voss may evolve into tiny airborne particles, known as aerosols, that have important effects on clouds and human health-By measuring VOCE levels in a number of ecosystems in the United States and other countries, the researchers determined that deciduous plants appear to be taking up the compounds at an unexpectedly fast rateas much as four times more rapidly than previously thought. The uptake was especially rapid in dense forests and most evident near the tops of forest canopies, which accounted for as much as 97 percent of the VOCE uptake that was observed. The scientists moved their research into their laboratories and focused on poplar trees. The species offered a significant advantage in that its genome has been sequenced. The team found that when the study trees were under stress, either because of a physical wound or because of exposure to an irritant such as ozone pollution, they began sharply increasing their uptake of Voss. At the same time, changes took place in expression levels Of certain genes that indicated heightened metabolic activity in the poplars. The uptake of Voss, the scientists concluded, appeared to be part of a larger metabolic cycle. Len order to metabolize these chemicals, the plants start increasing the levels of enzymes that transform the chemicals into less toxic substances. At the same time, as it turns out, the plant draws down more Voss, which can be metabolize by the enzymes. Our results show that plants can actually adjust their metabolism and increase their uptake of atmospheric chemicals as a response to various types of stress, says Channel Bass of the University of Northern Colorado, a co-author. This complex metabolic process within plants has the side effect of cleansing our atmosphere. Once they understood the extent to which plants absorb Voss, the research team fed he information into a computer model that simulates chemicals in the atmosphere worldwide. The results indicated that, on a global level, plants are taking in 36 percent more Voss than had previously been accounted for in studies of atmospheric constitutionalitys, since plants are directly removing the Voss, fewer of the compounds are evolving into aerosols. A poet (Joyce Killer) once said: l think that shall never see A poem lovely as a tree.

King Hammurabis Code of Law essays

King Hammurabi's Code of Law essays King Hammurabi envisioned his code of laws to govern the people of Babylonia. Hammurabi's code is said to be a reflection of ancient society. He cared about making a name for himself; he wanted his laws to be carried down through generations and his reign to be talked about long after he was gone. Hammurabi started a civilization based on social structure and economics. In order to build a successful empire, he wanted to have a society that had structure and social order. He knew that he had to have a unified law that everyone could abide by and needed social structure so that he could create equality among the people. He wanted all of his citizens to live under the same set of laws so that they could work towards a common goal and have the same rights as one another. Hammurabi was the first to organize the world's first written set of laws that characterized political and military structures, social structure based on economic power, and social welfare. It was important to him to have the citizens trust the laws and one another so there was no chaos amongst them. However, he did organize the citizens into classes that were impossible for them to get out of and I feel this was ultimately ineffective at accomplishing his Hammurabi's code fulfilled most of the needs of his citizens. He gave them what they needed at that time to prosper: structure. In order to have a great nation you first must start with the people. They are the building blocks of a great nation. But in order to get the maximum productivity out of them, you need to set some ground rules. I feel the code was harsh with some of the punishments, but it was exactly what they needed at that time. These laws set up the structure and framework by which the king or government operated, became a tool for them to interact with each other, and created a justice system to help the people if they were wronged by another person....

Musical Composer John Williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Composer John Williams - Essay Example Although there are nonconformists, most film cynics and "Star Wars" reviewers appear happy with the final episode of the grand, "Revenge of the Sith" (Morris, 2007). And George Lucas has got his utmost extol since the opening "Star Wars" film in 1977. But the associate of the artistic group whose 'hand-outs' are mostly being used for contribution is the composer John Williams. Even as Williams grown to be a household name for "Star Wars" in the seventies, many reviewers made fun of him for the comic strip excess of his achievements. Undoubtedly, he was not Bernard Herrmann. But even Williams's earlier "Jaws" days, when he was manufacturing disaster-flick music like "The Towering Inferno", his efforts were completely professional (Morris, 2007). At a time when created film melody was rising, he re-cuddled the composed film achievements. He has full-grown since then. The attainment to "E.T." changed disposition readily, from gentleness to amazement to magnificently expressive and braze n feeling. The composition throughout the film "Hide and Seek" series, when the robotic boy David plays games with his espoused Mom, who at this initial phase of the narrative is still besotted with him, is specifically nifty. Made from mild melodious riffs, as well as children's piano-practiced melodies, grilling harmony and lop-sided phrases, the music is without further ado mesmeric and disturbing (Timpo, 2004). The achievem

Global Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Corporate Strategy - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the emerging markets of India and China have been recorded as the fastest growing nations in terms of consuming higher rates of oil, gas and petrochemical products. In this context, the global energy companies such as British Petroleum (BP), Shell, Mobil, and Total have been highly recognized to involve competitive pricing strategies in order to gain substantial return from their global subsidiaries especially located in the emerging markets. However, the oil and gas companies have also been witnessing numerous issues not only for their competitive business strategies but also for their radical impact on the global ecosystem. In this context, the organizations associated with global oil and gas manufacturing industry must also contend with changing regulatory requirements involving their corporate governance different environmental issues. Emphasising the unabated challenges and opportunities faced by the dominant marketers in global oil and gas industry, the essay tends to carry out an appropriate analysis of the global corporate strategies adopted by BP and other world-class Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical suppliers such as Shell, Mobil, Chevron and Total since 2010 to date. The essay also tends to demonstrate the corporate strategic measures of BP in terms of creating a high-performance culture in the global business locations that enable it to effectively deal with both challenges and opportunities in the global oil and gas industry as well.

A Raisin in the Sun Book Review Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun Book Review Essay A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry is a truly exquisite piece of literature that has influenced readers, young and old, for generations. It gives us a very realistic view of racial tension, as well as the socioeconomic struggles, African Americans faced during the late 1940s-50s. In this play we meet the Youngers, a lower-class, diverse-minded, African American family simply trying to survive in 1950s South Chicago. Together they face economic hardship, racial discrimination, and the constant struggle to keep a fragile family together as each member searches for their version of the â€Å"American Dream†. Hansberry did an excellent job in creating the Younger family to represent lower class African American families in the 1950s. The Youngers live in a rundown, two-bedroom apartment. The family consists of Mama, Walter, Ruth, Travis, and Beneatha. The economic aspect of the play is centered around the insurance check Mama will be getting for her late husband, the author uses this to create a foundation for the Youngers story; the money elicits conflict between the characters as each has their own idea on what to do with money that does not even belong to them. A major motif in this play is racism, the author allows for a bit of foreshadowing in the beginning of the play with the bombing of another African American family in Clybourne Park, a mainly white community and the area where Mama eventually buys the new family house. Hansberry uses Walter to tie these two themes together. After losing all of the money Mama gave him to invest in his business and to save for Beneatha’s college fund, he then goes to get more money by selling back Mama’s new house: he can either overcome the racism and be the man his mother always knew he could be, or he can take the money for another chance to pursue his dreams but at the same time he would essentially be selling his soul to the devil. Walter must choose to either satiate his thirst for wealth or maintain the pride of his race. Finally, Hansberry acknowledges the importance of family unity during  these times. Ruth and Mama are the two main characters attempting to hold everything together. Hansberry made these characters strong and full of hope, despite their situation in life. Created any other way and we would probably see the family fall apart as the story began to unfold. Money and racism are also huge tests on the strength of this family as they struggle through the hardships of poverty and realize the shortcomings of some of the family members. All in all, A Raisin in the Sun is a very well written book. It is written in such a way that really puts you in the cramped, living conditions with the Youngers and helps readers to understand what it meant to be a poor African American family in the 1950s. Hansberry did a great job in creating solid characters which help to develop the story smoothly and realistically. It was a play I thoroughly enjoyed reading and would readily suggest to anyone looking for a good read.

Dramatica Theory and James Washington Square :: James Washington Square

Dramatica Theory and James' Washington Square In this essay I will review a critique of James' Washington Square. I found the critique to be dry and rather clinical in its approach to this fine work by Henry James. From the beginning the article presents a cold psychological approach to the characters that James' has made live for me in the short novel. The article covers the character's name, gender, a short description of him or her, the role that character plays in the piece and then goes on to list the basic characteristics of him or her. Motivation, methodology, evaluation and purpose are the four characteristics that are used to describe a character. The analysis does refer to the original work in many places. I found this to be helpful. For example when it describes Catherine Sloper it takes a quote from the novel to list her as, "a dull, plain girl she was called by rigorous critics" (James 11). This did help redeem the article somewhat. But the basic problem I found with the analysis kept leaping up. It's too scientific an approach for any literary work. The main problem with "Dramatica," for me, seems to be in that the theory looks at a story in relation to, "the mind's problem solving process" ("What is Dramatica?"). This area of the website goes on to explain that an author must examine all possible solutions to an issue in the story. In an effort to prove that the author's solutions are the best. The Dramatica theory of critique states that if, "you have covered every angle in your argument, you've mapped all the ways an audience might look at the problem and, therefore, all the ways anyone might look at that problem" ("What is Dramatica?"). This mapping turns any piece into a psychological pseudo study and relieves it of any beauty that it may contain.

Introduction in methods Essay

Background of the Study Living in a postmodern world is dominated by electronic gadgets, cyber technology and scientific and genetic breakthroughs. In spite of the fact that the Philippines are still just in the process of industrializing, it manages to cope with global trend of development and industrialization. Technology today is the biggest part of an individual. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern democracy operates since the 17th century. It is where people used a specialized computer to vote their candidate instead of the usual ballot boxes where people cast their votes by way of writing on the ballot. Voting is an election which is formal and critical decision making by which a population chooses an individual. This process is also used in many other private organizations, corporations and now in universities. Automate voting system is a combination of mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic equipment. It includes the software required to program, control, this is where people used a specialized computer to vote their candidate instead of the usual ballot boxes where people cast their votes by way of writing on the ballot. This process provides much more efficiency and reliability than the conventional way of voting. After the voting process, the system will tally immediately the winners for the particular position. And also this system is faster and can give out result of the election in a matter of days instead of the secret  balloting where it will take weeks or even months before a result could be presented to the University. Every year, there is an election happening in Student of Supreme Council. It is an activity wherein each student is required to choose from a set of candidates who will represent each position in the Student Council. Supreme Student Council in Arellano University is the highest governing body of the student organization. The Arellano University Supreme Council shall be composed of two departments, namely the Executive Department and Legislative. Each college shall have two representatives. The officers of the executive department shall be elected by the ballot of the students and the representatives to the Legislative Department shall be elected by ballot within their respected colleges. The election shall be held not later than the 4th week of the month of the second semester. Wherein the Voting Process is handled by the IT Department. This Voting System enforces rules and regulations to ensure valid voting, and how votes are counted and aggregated to yield a final result. Statement of the Problem This study aims to decrease the time and effort of the participants of the specific election which leads to the delayed results. 1. The voting of the supreme 2. Avoid trickery of the votes 3. Second you need to give your id to them in order for them to validate if you are officially enrolled in Arellano University, in case you do not have the your student id card, you can give your registration form Objectives A. General Objectives The general objective of this study is to provide a system with source code that the Arellano University. B. Specific Objectives Specially, it aims to: 1. To design a system that will be user-friendly or easy to use,In order to secure the votes of the students. 2. To create a system that can help the school to reduce the time consume when voting. Enhance the speed and efficiency of voting process. 3. To create a system, to avoid trickery in order to be equal to all candidates. Scope and Limitations of the Study: The Automated Voting System focuses only on the election of Arellano University Main Campus and will only show the results of election and the percentage of students who vote on each department. It is use annually in Arellano University and it did for the students are able to use it automated rather than manually. Significance of the Study: It is intended to conduct this study because it is important to know the use of the Automated Voting System in the modern world today. And to know more what are the advantages and disadvantages of this systematic process of election. This study is deemed beneficial to the following: This Automated Voting System is for all the students of Arellano University and also to all the students who are willing to become the Student Officer of the University. This System is to establish and maintain controls that can ensure that accidents, inadvertent mistakes, and errors are minimized. And this Systematic process can avoid trickery in voting in order to secure the votes of everyone. . The students will encourage to vote immediately because of the new system. To make the voting process easier and faster. For students, this study may not only represent the feedback of the electorate to the student council but will also raise awareness on the advantages and disadvantages of the automated election system. It may also encourage active participation by the students and by the Arellano University executives. For the Future Researchers the results of this study can be used as basis for future researchers. The outcome of the study can be used as reference to similar studies especially with regards to the automated election system in the Philippines. C. Schedule of Activities(Activities and Guidelines) Activities W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 Planning and Data Gathering Analyzing and Designing Coding Testing and Improving Prototype Implementing the System Evaluating the System Documenting the System D. Resource Requirement Reading Resources: The New Constitution of the A.U.S.S.C Software: Visual Basic .NET (VB S SQL or Structured Query Language.NET) 2008 Hardware: PROCESSOR: NAME: Pentium ® Dual-Core CPU OPERATING SYSTEM: WINDOWS 7 Ultimate 32-bit (6.1, Build 7600) SYSTEM MODEL: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. MEMORY: 2048MB RAM CHIP TYPE: GeForce G102M E. Expected Output